Tote handling for chilled or frozen goods

ABSTRACT

An automated order fulfillment system is disclosed having different temperature zones and robots and containers capable of and/or configured to work in these different temperature zones. Containers include insulated wall panels and a thermal insert which may be chilled to maintain a temperature within the container below ambient temperature. Structure within a storage location for the containers may be used to open and close the containers to facilitate cooling of the thermal insert.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The exemplary and non-limiting embodiments described herein relate generally to an automated retail supply chain storage and retrieval system, and more particularly to an automated system for automated handling of eaches at ambient temperatures, chilled temperatures and frozen temperatures.

BACKGROUND

An automated order fulfillment system for use in supply chains may fulfill orders for individual product items, also referred to herein as “eaches.” Traditional order fulfillment facilities store eaches in containers in a multi-level storage structure with a vertical and horizontal array of storage spaces. The automated order fulfillment system further includes mobile robots which move horizontally and vertically within the storage structure to transfer containers or totes to and from the storage spaces within the structure.

On occasion, it is desirable or necessary to maintain eaches at prescribed temperatures within the automated order fulfillment system, while the eaches are stored and/or as they are transported and/or while orders are fulfilled. Some eaches need to be kept frozen or chilled for freshness, while others can be stored or transported at ambient temperature. It is therefore desirable to provide an automated order fulfillment system having different temperature zones and robots and containers capable of working in these different temperature zones.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present technology relate to an automated order fulfillment system having different temperature zones and robots and containers capable of and/or configured to work in these different temperature zones.

In one example, the present technology relates to a container for transporting and storing goods in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising: sidewalls around sides of the container, the sidewalls comprising one or more insulated wall panels configured to insulate an interior of the container against heat transfer; and a thermal insert configured to be supported in or on one or more of the one or more insulated wall panels, the thermal insert comprising a material configured to maintain a temperature within the container below ambient temperature.

In another example, the present technology relates to a system for transporting and storing a container in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising material within an interior of the container to chill the interior of the container below ambient temperature, the system comprising: a storage location for storing the container, the storage location comprising: a cold air source configured to cool and regenerate the material to a temperature below a predetermined phase transition temperature of the material, and structure at the storage location configured to open a lid of the container to allow access to the material within the interior of the container facilitating regeneration of the material by the cold air source.

In a further example, the present technology relates to a method for transporting and storing a container in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising material within an interior of the container to chill the interior of the container below ambient temperature, the method comprising: (a) transporting the container by a mobile bot to a storage shelf; (b) transferring the container from the mobile bot to the storage shelf; (c) engaging a lid of the container with structure within the storage location as the container is transferred into the storage location, engagement with the structure opening the lid as the container is transferred into the storage location; and (d) regenerating the material to a chilled phase by a cold air source while the opened container is stored at the storage location.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the Background.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of an order fulfillment system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an order fulfillment system;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a distributed temperature regulation system;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a distributed temperature regulation system;

FIG. 5A is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 5B is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 5C is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 6A is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 6B is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 6C is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 7 is an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure;

FIG. 8A is an isometric view of a tote;

FIG. 8B is an isometric view of a tote;

FIG. 8C is an isometric view of a tote;

FIG. 9A is a top section view of a tote;

FIG. 9B is a top section view of a tote;

FIG. 9C is a partial top section view of a tote;

FIG. 10 is a top section view of a tote;

FIG. 11A is a phase change diagram;

FIG. 11B is a freezing point diagram;

FIG. 11C is a freezing point diagram;

FIG. 11D is a freezing point diagram;

FIG. 12A is an isometric view of a tote;

FIG. 12B is a schematic view of a thermostatic door;

FIG. 13A is a side view of a tote;

FIG. 13B is a side view of a tote;

FIG. 13C is a side view of a tote;

FIG. 14 is a process flow diagram;

FIG. 15 is an isometric view of a tote;

FIG. 16 is a top view of a tote;

FIG. 17 is an side view of a tote;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional side view of a tote;

FIG. 19 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a corner of a tote;

FIG. 20 is an alternative enlarged cross-sectional view of corner of a tote;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative tote;

FIG. 22 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a corner of the tote of FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a further alternative tote;

FIG. 24 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a corner of the tote of FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a tote being opened and cooled at a storage location;

FIG. 26 is side view of a tote at a storage location with a ramp for opening the tote;

FIG. 27 is an end view of storage locations and a Bot for loading a tote into one of the storage locations;

FIG. 28 is an end view of Bot having transferred a tote to left or right storage locations;

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram showing a cycle a tote goes through for regeneration; and

FIG. 30 is a further flow diagram showing a cycle a tote goes through for regeneration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic plan view of order fulfillment system 10. Order fulfillment system 10 may have features as described in US Patent Publication Number US 2017/0313514 A1 dated Nov. 2, 2017 and entitled “Order Fulfillment System” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Order fulfillment system 10 has multilevel tote storage and retrieval structure 20, ambient and chilled autonomous robotic vehicles or robots capable of working in ambient and chilled environments 22, 24 configured to pick, transport and place one or more tote within the order fulfillment system, ambient 26 and chilled 28 workstations configured to accommodate a picker (human, automated or otherwise) that transports one or more eaches from a tote, for example a product tote containing multiple common eaches to be picked, on one of the autonomous mobile robots to a put location, for example an order tote that has a combination of different eaches that reflects a full or partially fulfilled order, that may be on another of the autonomous mobile robots at the workstation, ambient and chilled transit decks 30, 32 configured to support, stage and buffer the autonomous robots 22, 24 between the storage and retrieval structure 20 and the workstations 26, 28, dispense station 34 where totes containing fulfilled orders are discharged from the order fulfillment apparatus and a decant or input interface (not shown) configured to replenish the apparatus. Here, the ambient static workstation(s) 26 may be co-located with ambient storage 38 and chilled static workstation 28 may be co-located with chilled storage 40. Further, ambient and/or chilled storage may occupy one or more full aisle. Tote storage and retrieval structure 20 may have ambient and chilled storage and retrieval structures 38, 40 that may be located adjacent as shown or otherwise placed, for example, the chilled storage may be located at an elevation below the ambient storage locations where frozen locations may be at a lowest level(s) in elevation and with chilled storage at the next level(s) in elevation and ambient at the next level(s) in elevation or otherwise. Alternately, the chilled and ambient storage may be arranged in any suitably appropriate way. Further, a rear mezzanine 42 may be provided for ambient and chilled storage and retrieval 38, 40 to allow a robot to be removed from the system to ambient, for example, bagged or isolated from chilled to ambient to prevent condensation on or within the robot. Alternately a hot box transition may be provided. Chilled tote storage and retrieval structure 40 may have chilled storage area 46 and frozen storage area 48 where chilled storage area and frozen storage area may be independently refrigerated and insulated, for example to 34 degrees F. and 0 degrees F. respectively. Alternately, chilled storage area 46 and frozen storage area 48 may be further segregated with different temperature levels or with temperature gradients sufficient to satisfy a broad range of chilled and frozen goods. Chilled transit deck 32 may be segregated and insulated from the ambient transit deck 30. Similarly, the interior of chilled workstation 28 may be isolated from the picker, who may be in an ambient environment picking and placing eaches from product totes to order totes in the chilled interior of the chilled workstation. Autonomous robots 22 may move freely between the chilled transit deck and ambient deck as will be described where the two are separated by insulated or and suitable door(s) or divider(s) that isolate the two areas as will be described.

The autonomous robotic vehicles or robots 22, 24 may be wholly or substantially identical and separated into specific robot types. To allow robots to place a tote near the next pick up tote location during peak periods, robots may be exposed to long durations in chilled storage or retrieval areas. As such, robots may to be segregated into A-Bots 22 and C-Bots 24 where A-Bots are Ambient Bots primarily located in ambient storage and retrieval areas and C-Bots are Chilled Bots primarily located in chilled storage and retrieval areas. An MCS (material control system) may be provided and manages A-Bot and C-Bot watermarks with soft dedications. By way of example, the MCS may be configured such that idle A-Bots may be stored in rear ambient towers of the storage and retrieval system or otherwise. Similarly, the MCS may be configured such that idle C-Bots may be stored in rear chilled towers of the storage and retrieval system or otherwise. In the embodiment shown, storage and retrieval system may accommodate three temperature zones; Ambient, Chilled, and Frozen as previously described. Similarly, totes may be identical or substantially similar but may be segregated into types, for example, to avoid condensation on products, totes may be segregated into Chilled totes and Ambient totes.

TABLE 1 A-Bot and C-Bot domains Bot Static WS Dynamic Static WS Type Decant Storage Deck WS Dispense A-Bot Ambient Ambient Ambient Ambient Ambient Chilled* Chilled* Frozen* C-Bot Chilled Chilled Chilled Chilled NA Frozen* (*indicates dash moves)

As noted, robots may to be segregated into A-Bots 22 and C-Bots 24 where A-Bots are Ambient Bots primarily located in ambient storage and retrieval areas and C-Bots are Chilled Bots primarily located in chilled storage and retrieval areas where “primarily” denotes where the robot spends the majority but not all of the robotic vehicles time. By way of example, A-Bots 22 may dash into frozen and chilled storage zones to retrieve order-totes for dispense. Similarly, C-Bots 24 may dash into frozen for product-tote retrieval and storage. As a further option, C-Bots 24 may deliver o-totes near a zone transition point (pass-through interlock) to limit the duration an A-Bot is in a chilled or frozen zone. Bot temperature may be monitored for Bot Transitions Between Zones (*). Here, the MCS may track and manage bots based on feedback from internal and external temperature sensors and humidity sensors on the bot. For example, the MCS may calculate dew points (DP) from bot feedback in each temperature zone. In one aspect, bot sensors may indicate critical surfaces are above dewpoint. When dewpoint is neared, the MCS may direct the bot to exit back into ambient. Here, the MCS may manage the transitions, for example, with the following exemplary rules based on such configurable attributes as minimum entrance temperature delta for dash moves (ex: +10 C), move abort temperature offset for canceling dash moves (ex: +5 C), minimum exit temperature delta for bots to enter a warmer temperature zone (ex: +2 C above DP), allowable (minimum or maximum) dwell time(s) within given zone(s) as a function of bot type or otherwise any suitable configurable attribute(s).

Condensation mitigation may be required for the robots. For example, when going from ambient to chilled no special process may be needed. However when going from chilled to ambient there may be a need to mitigate condensation by heating the bot, for example in hot box 50. Here, hot box 50 may be a hot plate, external heaters in a “garage bay” or alternately exercising motors in a tower or otherwise. Similarly, Condensation mitigation may be required for the totes. For example, when transitioning between tote types ambient to chilled then no special process may be needed. However when transitioning between tote types chilled to ambient there may be a need to mitigate condensation by allowing the tote to heat up to or close to ambient temperature, for example, by letting the tote sit for a duration before allowing use.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic plan view of order fulfillment system 100. Order fulfillment system 100 may have features as described with respect to order fulfillment system 10 except system 100 treats chilled and frozen storage differently as compared to that described with respect to system where totes are provided that are internally cooled by a distributed cooling system as will be described. Here, there is not a requirement for chilled robots, chilled workstations or isolated and chilled transit decks by way of example. Order fulfillment system 100 has multilevel tote storage and retrieval structure 110, ambient autonomous robotic vehicles or robots 112, 114 configured to pick, transport and place one or more tote (chilled, frozen or ambient) within the order fulfillment system 100, ambient workstations 116, 118 configured to accommodate a picker (human, automated or otherwise) that transports one or more eaches from any tote, for example a product tote containing multiple common eaches to be picked, on one of the autonomous mobile robots to a put location, for example an order tote on a robot that has a combination of different eaches that reflects a full or partially fulfilled order of a combination of frozen, chilled and/or ambient eaches, that may be on another of the autonomous mobile robots at the workstation, ambient transit decks 120 configured to support, stage and buffer the autonomous robots 112, 114 between the storage and retrieval structure 110 and the workstations 116, 118, dispense station 122 where totes containing fulfilled orders are discharged from the order fulfillment apparatus 100 and a decant or input interface (not shown) configured to replenish the apparatus. Here, there is no distinction between ambient and chilled workstations where only ambient workstation 116, 118 need be provided. Multilevel tote storage and retrieval structure 110 may have one or more full aisle 124 dedicated to ambient totes as well as one or more full aisle 126 dedicated to configurable ambient, chilled or frozen totes. The ambient and configurable structure 110 may have ambient 124 and chilled 126 tote storage that may be located adjacent as shown or otherwise placed as previously described. Alternately, the configurable chilled and ambient storage may be arranged in any suitably appropriate way. Further, a rear mezzanine 130 may be provided to allow an ambient robot to be removed from the system 100. The configurable ambient/chilled/frozen tote storage and retrieval structure 126 may be configured with distributed cooling to chill passive (or active as will be described) totes that are configured for chilled or frozen eaches as will be described. Transit decks 120, storage areas 110 and robots 112, 114 in the disclosed embodiment of system 100 need not be segregated and insulated as described with respect to system 10.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a schematic view of a distributed temperature regulation system 200. System 200 resides in building or enclosure 210 where the building or enclosure internal temperature and humidity is at least partially regulated by an environmental control system such as building HVAC system 212 with external makeup air inlet 214 and where building or enclosure 210 may house system 100 (not shown) and isolate and insulate the internal ambient environment 216 of building 210 from external ambient environment 218. Here the isolation may be by structural elements, insulation and vapor barriers or otherwise. Distributed internal tote environment regulation and control system 230 is shown internal to building 210 and may have multiple independent control loops 232, 234 configured to control the internal environment of totes 236, 238, for example, temperature and humidity. Although distributed internal tote environment regulation and control system 230 is described internal to building 210, there may be aspects to system 230 that may be external to building 210, for example, condensers may be provided external to building 210 that service one or more evaporator coils in independently controlled loops 232, 234; by way of further example, drains may be provided for liquid or condensate from dehumidification or defrosting as required. Systems 230 and 212 cooperate to reduce or eliminate condensation within totes 236, 238 and external to totes 236, 238 by managing humidity and maintaining the temperature within and external to the totes above the dew point of the air that potentially condensing surfaces are exposed to. Exemplary loop 232 is provided to control the internal environment of totes 236. Here, totes 236 may be insulated as will be described. Alternately, totes 236 may simply be enclosed plastic totes with slots or perforations at opposing ends such that chilled air is injected on one end and expelled on the other end. Loop 232 may control temperature of one or more totes, for example, loop 232 may control the temperature of a 6×6 rack of 36 totes where multiple loops are required to control multiple racks of totes. Loop 232 has fan and evaporator coil 240, recirculating duct 242, makeup air or return duct 244, filter 246, airflow regulators 248 and tote exhausts 250. Fan and evaporator coil 240 may be provided with a dedicated TXV that is provided to maintain a constant setpoint in the duct loop in combination with a remote condenser unit (not shown). Further, fan and evaporator coil 240 may be provided with a dedicated electronic TXV or STV that is provided to maintain a constant temperature setpoint in the duct loop in combination with a remote condenser. Here, the electronic TXV's can both maintain a temperature (by cycling on/off or running the coil partially dry) and also provide level control. Alternately, a Suction Throttling Valve may be provided to regulate the evaporator pressure or a VFD compressor. Alternately, fan and evaporator coil 240 may be provided with more than one dedicated TXV that is provided to selectively maintain multiple setpoints in the duct loop in combination with a remote condenser unit, for example, selectable between a chilled or frozen setpoint such that loop 232 may service either totes containing chilled goods or frozen goods as storage requirements change based on demand, seasonally or otherwise. Recirculating duct 242 and makeup air or return duct 244 may be formed such that they may be readily retrofitted to tote support structures and may be insulated to prevent unwanted condensation on the surfaces exposed to ambient. Airflow regulators 248 may be provided as commercially available “constant flow air regulators” where chilled air is expelled at a constant flow regardless of whether a tote is present or not. Alternately, airflow regulators 248 may be actively controlled valves such as butterfly valves that may selectively provide chilled air to totes or the ambient environment. Alternately, airflow regulators 248 may be valves that passively are opened and closed as a function of tote presence as will be described. Airflow regulators 248 provide dry chilled air to and through the interior of totes 236 where the chilled air absorbs heat that is absorbed by the tote from ambient and is expelled through tote exhausts 250. Chilled air expelled by exhausts 250 may be routed back to return duct 244 or alternately wholly or partially may be expelled into ambient environment 216, for example, as dry air to reduce humidity in ambient environment 216. Here, chilled air absorbs heat that is absorbed by the tote from ambient and is expelled through tote exhausts 250. Alternately, the “tote exhaust” may be passive leakage thru the tote lid where alternatively, the lid on the tote may provide a sufficient leak path to provide a suitable tote exhaust. Similarly, for example, where airflow regulators 248 are provided as “constant flow air regulators” where chilled air is expelled at a constant flow regardless of whether a tote is present or not, the chilled air expelled may be routed back to return duct 244 or alternately wholly or partially may be expelled into ambient environment 216, for example, as dry air to reduce humidity in ambient environment 216. Return duct 244 may be configured as a closed loop for air within loop 232 and through exhausts 250 with no makeup air from ambient. Alternately, return duct 244 may at last partially intake ambient air from environment 216. Filter 246 may be provided as a HEPA or other suitable filter. Further filter 246 may be provided to control chemical or bacterial elements. By way of example, filter 246 may be provided as an ultraviolet light filter where the residency time of return air is controlled to eliminate the potential for bacterial contamination within environmental control system 212. Further, in combination with filter 246, an additional evaporator coil may be provided, for example to dehumidify or prechill the air entering into loop 232.

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic view of a loop of a distributed temperature regulation system 300. Loop 300 may control temperature of one or more totes, for example, loop 300 may control the temperature of totes 310 and 312 where totes 310 have a temperature setpoint different than that of totes 312. As will be described, two or more evaporator units may be provided to selectively control the temperature of a subset up to all of the totes in the loop, for example, all of the totes in the loop may selectively be maintained in a frozen or chilled condition. Alternately, a subset of the totes in the loop may selectively be maintained in a frozen or chilled condition with the remaining totes being maintained in the opposing condition. Loop 300 has first and second fan and evaporator coils 314, 316, circulating duct 318, makeup air or return duct 320, filter 322, tote airflow regulators 324, duct airflow regulators 326, heater(s) or chiller(s) 328 and tote exhausts 334. Although the duct airflow regulators may be on/off dampers that would either select air source 314 or 316; in alternate aspects they may be used as regulators to mix the two airflows to achieve intermediate temperatures. Here, they may be used as either blocking or modulating dampers where mixed airflows would utilize the addition of duct temperature sensors 341 may be provided. Here, the dampers may also be closed to isolate unused sections of the duct to reduce energy consumption. One or more heater or chiller coil(s) 328 may be provided within loop 300 to elevate temperature over a portion of loop 300, for example, where different temperatures for chilled goods are required a gradient may selectively be provided within duct 318. Fan and evaporator coil 314 may be provided to maintain a constant setpoint in the duct loop in combination with a remote condenser unit (not shown). Similarly, fan and evaporator coil 316 may be provided to maintain a constant setpoint in the duct loop in combination with a remote condenser unit (not shown) where the setpoint is different from that in coil 314. By way of example, fan and evaporator coil 314 may be set for a chilled setpoint and fan and evaporator coil 316 may be set for a frozen setpoint such that the portion of loop 300 exposed to the airflow of fan and evaporator coil 314 may be maintained chilled and the remaining portion of loop 300 exposed to the airflow of fan and evaporator coil 316 may be maintained frozen. Here, duct airflow regulators 326 may be selectively opened or closed to selectively isolate portions of duct 318 to maintain chilled or frozen totes. In an extreme, all of the duct airflow regulators 326 may be opened one of first and second fan and evaporator coils 314, 316 may be run with the other off to maintain the entire loop in either a chilled or frozen state. Recirculating duct 318 and makeup air or return duct 320 may be formed such that they may be readily retrofitted to tote support structures and may be insulated to prevent unwanted condensation on the surfaces exposed to ambient. Airflow regulators 324 may be provided as commercially available “constant flow air regulators” where chilled air is expelled at a constant flow regardless of whether a tote is present or not. Airflow regulators 324 provide dry chilled air to and through the interior of totes 310, 312 where the chilled air absorbs heat that is absorbed by the tote from ambient and is expelled through tote exhausts 334. Chilled air expelled by exhausts 334 may be routed back to return duct 320 or alternately wholly or partially may be expelled into ambient environment 216, for example, as dry air to reduce humidity in ambient environment 216. Return duct 320 may be configured as a closed loop for air within loop 300 and through exhausts 334 with no makeup air from ambient. Alternately, return duct 320 may at last partially intake ambient air from environment 216. Filter 322 may be provided as a HEPA or other suitable filter. Further filter 322 may be provided to control chemical or bacterial elements. By way of example, filter 322 may be provided as an ultraviolet light filter where the residency time of return air is controlled to eliminate the potential for bacterial contamination within environmental control system 300. Further, in combination with filter 322, an additional evaporator coil may be provided, for example to dehumidify or prechill the air entering into loop 300.

Structure is provided to support the totes and bots that access them that may be provided in a modular fashion where structure sub modules are pre-assembled and provided mounted adjacent and stacked with each other to form the overall storage structure 110. It can be appreciated that the evaporators, fans, ducts and otherwise can also be fabricated in a modular fashion and combined with the sub modules pre-assembled also. Here by way of non-limiting example, a substructure may have 6 levels and 72 tote storage locations accessible by bots. One or more evaporator modules may be assembled with the substructure and associated ducting, valving and otherwise packaged with the sub module such that the sub module may be shipped integrated and installed as an integrated sub module.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, there is shown an isometric section view of chilled storage structure 350. Referring also to FIG. 5B, there is shown a partial isometric section view of chilled storage structure 350. Referring also to FIG. 5C, there is shown a partial isometric section view of chilled storage structure 350. Chilled storage structure 350 has ASRS (Automated Storage and Retrieval) portion 352 and insulated portion 354. ASRS portion 352 has multilevel rack structure 352′ with tote storage nests 356 on opposing sides of Bot aisle 358. Storage and retrieval robots (Bots) 360 move horizontally and climb vertically within structure 352 and are configured to place/store and pick/retrieve totes from the nests 356 in structure 352. Totes within structure 352 may be “product totes” having common eaches in storage as inventory as well as “order totes” that have eaches that may be common or mixed but making up all or a portion of a customer order to be fulfilled. The interior of the insulated enclosure, or portion, 354 may be conditioned space, for example, chilled or frozen space. Chilled storage volume 362 within insulated portion 354 may be further segregated with different temperature levels or with temperature gradients sufficient to satisfy a broad range of chilled and frozen goods as will be described. One method of segregating different temperature levels within volume 362 is to employ at some level natural stratification of the air within volume 362. Thermal stratification is the layering of differing (typically increasing) air temperatures from floor to ceiling. Stratification is caused by hot air rising up to the ceiling or roof space because it is lighter than the surrounding cooler air. Conversely, cool air falls to the floor as it is heavier than the surrounding warmer air. Temperature differentials, for example, 1.5° C. per vertical foot or otherwise may occur. The higher the ceiling, the more extreme this temperature differential can be. Other variables that influence the level of thermal stratification include heat generated within or through the volume and processes present, insulation of the space from outside of the chilled space, the HVAC system(s), location of supply and return ducts or fans, and vertical air movement inside the space. As seen better in FIG. 5B (with the structure removed for clarity) barrier which may be an insulated barrier 364 may be provided effectively splitting volume 362 into upper and lower volumes 366 and 368 respectively. To maximize efficiency the lower volume 368 may be frozen and the upper volume 366 may be chilled. By arranging the frozen and chilled storage as shown, the temperature gradient across barrier 364 is reduced as compared to the gradient between insulated enclosure 354 and the ambient air surrounding it. Openings 370 may be provided to allow Bots 360 to traverse vertically between volumes 366 and 368. Openings 370 may be provided for example between a chilled volume and a frozen volume allowing bots to move vertically between the volumes. Similarly, openings may be between ambient and chilled volumes that may be either vertically accessed or horizontally accessed. Opening 370 may have a moveable door and is arranged horizontally to take advantage of stratification keeping the colder air in the freezer section 368. An environmental control system, such as evaporator/fans 372, 374, may be provided to separately regulate temperature and humidity within volumes 366, 368 where natural stratification may further provide varying temperature zones. Alternately one or more additional barriers 378 with evaporator/fan 380 may be provided to further segregate volumes within volume 362. Insulated enclosure 354 may be provided in multiple segments that are modular with respect to structure 352 and may be coupled to structure 352 with brackets 382. Here, as structure 352 is erected, corresponding modular portions 384 of insulated enclosure 354 may be erected in parallel.

Referring now to FIG. 6A, there is shown an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure 350′. Referring also to FIG. 6B, there is shown an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure 350′. Referring also to FIG. 6C, there is shown an isometric section view of a chilled storage structure 350′. Chilled structure 350′ has similar features as structure 350 but employing barriers 386 where barriers 386 may be thin air barriers such as plastic film. Alternately, barriers 386 may be perforated or vented to act as barriers to maintain a temperature gradient in combination with natural stratification or otherwise.

Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown an isometric section view of chilled storage structure 350″. Chilled structure 350″ may have similar features as structures 350, 350′. Chilled or regulated storage structure 350″ has outer (traditionally ambient) store or warehouse space 388 that is kept near average US temperature of 10 deg C. or so. This is achieved by providing a vapor barrier, and insulation 390 to the outside environment 392. Keeping this Outer Environment 388 cool and dry has the advantage of minimizing condensation on products retrieved from Inner (chilled or frozen) Environment 394. Openings 396 may be provided for Bots to pass between the Outer 388 and inner 394 environments where any losses of cold dry air from the inner environment 394 simply help condition the outer environment 388 to the dry, cool state. The outer environment 388 may be kept as a slightly positive pressure; e.g. 0.5 Pa to the outside 392 in order to assist in maintaining the dry outer environment minimizing migration from environment 392 to environment 388. As doors 396′ to the outside will occasionally open, make-up air may be brought in and conditioned by the environmental control system 398 mounted on top of the outer environment 388. The above has the advantage of minimizing operating cost by keeping the outer environment 388 close to average US temperature and minimizing the impact of heat infiltration between the outer and inner environments. Environments 392, 388 and 394 are nested as shown where in alternate aspects, further nesting, arranging, stacking or otherwise arranging the environments may be provided.

Referring now to FIG. 8A, there is shown an isometric view of tote 400. Referring also to FIG. 8B, there is shown an isometric view of tote 400. Referring also to FIG. 8C, there is shown an isometric view of tote 400. Tote 400 has tote enclosure 410, tote lid 412 and tote liner 414. Tote enclosure further has chilled air inlet 416 and chilled air exhaust 418 as will be described in greater detail. Lid 412 may be hinged as shown with respect to enclosure 410 such that, for example, an operator can selectively access chilled or frozen eaches contained within tote 400. In alternate aspects, lid 412 may be hinged or have no hinge, for example, where automated or human workstations are provided a mechanism may be provided to automatically open lid 412 for pick access. Such a mechanism may include lid grasping such as suction cups and lid removal such as a vertical pneumatic cylinder or other suitable actuator that may selectively remove and replace lid 412. Lid 412 and enclosure 410 may be insulated such that heat losses from ambient may be minimized and condensation on the exterior may be minimized. The insulation may be conventional, by vacuum enclosure or otherwise. By way of example, the insulation may be provided as an insulated insert to insulate a conventional plastic tote and further accept insert liner 414 with the insulated insert. Liner 414 has dividers 422, 424 that divide a supply duct 426 from an exhaust duct 428 formed between the exterior body of insert liner 414 and the interior body of enclosure 410 as will be described in greater detail. Inlet 430 and exhaust 432 perforations in insert liner 414 are provided to allow air to pass from supply duct 426 to exhaust duct 428 through the eaches in the interior of tote 400.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, there is shown a top section view of tote 400 with stationary inlet 440 and exhaust 442 ducts before tote 400 engages the ducts 440, 442. Referring also to FIG. 9B, there is shown a top section view of tote 400 with stationary inlet 440 and exhaust 442 ducts after tote 400 engages the ducts 440, 442. Referring also to FIG. 9C there is shown a partial top section view of tote 400 engaged with duct 440, 442. Tote enclosure 410 is shown with inlet 416 and exhaust 418 where inlet 416 has insulated door 444 and exhaust 418 has insulated door 446. Similarly inlet duct 440 has insulated door 450 and exhaust duct 442 has insulated door 452. The 4 insulated doors are provided insulated to prevent condensation when closed and are normally spring loaded closed when not engaged as seen in FIG. 9A. When engaged, the 4 insulated doors open as shown in FIG. 9B and FIG. 9C such that the mating tapered surfaces disengage providing a passageway allowing supply and exhaust air to flow. Monitoring devices such as temperature and/or humidity may be provided, for example, within exhaust duct 442 or it's insulated door to monitor the environmental state of the tote.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown a top section view of tote 500 with stationary inlet 440 and exhaust 442 ducts after tote 500 engages the ducts 440, 442. Tote 500 has similar features as tote 400 with the exception of the dividers and perforations in the liner where air is circulated between the liner and the insulated enclosure without being flowed through the interior of the liner over the eaches. Here, the liner is maintained at the desired temperature to maintain the eaches contained within the liner at a desired temperature. Tote 500 has enclosure 510 and liner 512 where enclosure 510 has inlet 514 and exhaust 516. Liner 512 is shown having divider 518 to isolate the inlet from the outlet. Although a single divider 518 is shown for simplicity, it can be appreciated the divider may form a duct from the inlet to the outlet that circulates the chilled air around enclosure 510 including the floor and ceiling of enclosure 510. Air is induced through the inlet 514 and circulated 530 around liner 512 to exhaust 516. Divider 518 is as shown for simplicity but it can be appreciated that divider 518 may be provided in different geometries on the sides, below and above insert 512 in order to provide uniform circulation around insert 512 and to provide uniform temperature of insert 512. Here, enclosure 510 may be fabricated from thermally insulating materials such as plastic and foam whereas liner 512 may be fabricated from thermally conductive materials such as aluminum or stainless steel sheet to facilitate temperature uniformity across liner 512. In alternate aspects chilled pack(s) 530 may be provided for use, for example, where tote 500 is used for transient storage (such as when an order is being fulfilled outside of the chilled ASRS utilizing tote 500. Here, chilled pack(s) 530 may be provided in the walls, base or lid of tote 500 (or as part of or within enclosure 510) and may hold a substantially constant temperature, for example 34 F, −10 F or otherwise. Here pack(s) 530 may be gel or other suitable packs, for example using water with some sort of salt to suppress the freezing point and form it into a gel so that it does not leak if the pack rips. Alternately, any suitable chilled pack may be provided to maintain ambient temperature within tote 500 for transient storage.

Disclosed to this point are passive control systems for cooler totes which are chilled by maintaining the environment around the totes at a controlled temperature. In such passive control cooled totes, the totes may be provided with chilled air replenish ports and distributed chilling at the storage location which stays at the storage or dispense location. The interior of the cooler tote may have a thermocouple and RF Interface with setpoint by SKU. Alternately that thermocouple may be provided on a bayonet in the return manifold and the setpoint established by the MCS by SKU (stock keeping unit which is a product identifying number). Passive cooler totes can be stored in tote nests and dispatched like any other ambient SKU. The chilled tote can be stored at ambient with chilled air replenish and setpoint at the nest as described. Within the tote, supply and return can be designed to flow chilled air over SKUs, for example, designed as a grate in the liner over a substantial surface area so the SKU doesn't block it. Alternately, the interior of the liner can be solid and the chilled air can be circulated between the interior surface of the tote and the exterior of the liner in the insulated tote enclosure. Clean and bacteria free air may be used to prevent condensation and cross contamination. Active tote alternatives will be disclosed further below.

In alternate aspects, an active control system may be provided, where the tote is actively cooled by components within the tote for environmental regulation of eaches contained within tote. Tote 600 may be configured as a “cooler tote” where tote 600 is built as an insulated enclosure like a cooler where a chilled insert/ice pack is provided. Alternately, tote 600 may be a standard tote with a cooler insert where the cooler drops into the tote with product in it. Alternately tote 600 may be a thermoelectric cooler based tote with docking power. Alternately tote 600 may have a chill port with a supply and return for chilled air or fluid such as CDA (clean or cooled dry air), LN2 or chilled glycol that can be injected to the interior of the enclosure or to a high heat capacity plate or otherwise. In one embodiment, chilled tote 600 may be a cooler with a foam cooler molded to fit in tote or sub-tote that has four pieces; base, locking frozen or chilled insert/ice pack, walls that lock the insert in place and a lid that comes off when tote is accessed. Here, the lid may interlock with tote access port and be automatically replaced when the access port is closed. Note that chilled totes may be precooled in the interior only such that condensation is minimized as well as heat loss upon insertion of chilled goods.

Referring now to FIG. 11A, there is shown an exemplary phase change diagram 650. Safe food handling practices recommend storing chilled and frozen products within an upper and lower temperature range. Transportation of refrigerated foods may be accomplished in an insulated cooler, where the temperature is maintained using a substance that is undergoing a phase change to absorb heat. Typical phase change materials are water solutions containing salts or expendable refrigerants such as dry ice where the phase change temperature may be lower than the intended storage temperature. By way of example, in the case of dry ice, that temperature is fixed at −78.5° C., while in the case of salt solutions the salt concentration is selected to enable a phase change at a colder temperature than to objects to be refrigerated. The benefit of a phase change material is that a substantial amount of energy can be absorbed at constant temperatures as shown in FIG. 11A. Here, as energy is absorbed between solid 652 and liquid 654 states, the temperature remains more consistent or constant 656 despite the amount of energy absorbed. Referring also to FIG. 11B, there is shown an exemplary freezing point diagram 670. Referring also to FIG. 11C, there is shown an exemplary freezing point diagram 672. Referring also to FIG. 11D, there is shown an exemplary freezing point diagram 674. In the case of pure water, phase change occurs at 0° C. and 1 kg of ice requires 333 kJ of heat to convert it to water. In contrast 1 kg of water requires only 4.2 kJ to raise its temperature by 1° C., so phase change may be a significantly more practical technique for absorbing heat. Adding Propylene glycol (PG in FIG. 11C), Ethylene glycol (EG in FIG. 11C), glycerin (FIG. 11B) or salt or salt solution such as potassium formate (FIG. 11D) to water suppresses the freezing point as shown on the charts 11B-11D. Usually the latent heat of fusion is decreased in the water mixtures, but the flexibility to easily select the desired phase change temperature is a benefit. By way of example, in dry ice applications, dry ice is allowed to sublime and the waste CO2 gas release to the atmosphere. Phase change fluids are stored in plastic bags or sealed aluminum cans and are retained as they go thru phase change cycles. The quantity of phase change material required is a function of the insulation effectiveness, internal to external differential temperature, required duration and any heat load from warm objects placed in the cooler. For maximum effective duration the differential temperature should be minimized, so refrigerating below the target temperature is undesirable as it increases the heat gain. This may be for example, significant with dry ice when it is used to achieve freezer temperatures. As an example, given typical freezer temperatures of −20° C. and ambient temperatures of +25° C., the required ΔT is 45° C., but using dry ice increases the ΔT to 103° C. which may be a 228% increase in heat rate. In practice, the internal temperature may be warmer than −78° C. but the heat gain is still significantly higher than required to achieve normal freezer temperatures. If food or chilled content is warmer than the target temperature when it is placed in the cooler then it presents a heat load, and additional phase change and heat transfer is required to restore equilibrium. This may require a lower phase change temperature to enable the heat transfer, and this in turn increases the steady state heat gain. In insulated coolers, the ratio of internal volume to external volume is a compromise, with the goal of maximizing the internal space used for storing food, and minimizing the overall external volume to reduce transportation costs. The difference between external and internal volume may typically be used for insulation and the phase change material. The insulation may be urethane or polystyrene foam by way of non-limiting example, which is the most cost effective material for most food transport applications, but often requires by way of non-limiting example, 25 to 50 mm or otherwise of wall thickness in a practical solution. Here, decreasing the thickness would increase heat gain, requiring significantly more phase change material, and potential to create hot spots within the food or content storage environment. Increasing the thickness on the other hand reduces the internal volume or increase the external size of the cooler, as well as increasing cost.

Referring now to FIG. 12A, there is shown an isometric view of tote 700. Tote 700 has tote lid 710 and tote body 712. Coupled to tote lid 710 is phase change enclosure 714 having vent holes 716 and thermostatic door 718. Enclosure 714 is configured to accept phase change material or insert 720. Tote 700 employs a technique for controlling the temperature inside the tote. In one embodiment, the enclosure 714 is a mechanical enclosure that passively actuates between a closed position at a first temperature where the phase change material is shielded from the interior of the container, and an open position at a second temperature where the phase change material is exposed to the interior of the container, the second temperature being higher than the first temperature. Passive actuation may be accomplished using a temperature-sensitive material in a thermostatically controlled door as explained below.

Insulated tote 700 is shown with Phase change material or insert 720 which may be dry ice or other suitable material located in an enclosure within or under lid 710. Thermostatic door 718 is employed as will be described such that tote 700 actively regulates the temperature inside as a temperature controlled food or other content storage tote where a phase change material 720 such as dry ice is located in enclosure 714 under the lid 710. The enclosure 714 may be fabricated from a poor conductor such as plastic or thin foam, which limits the ability of the dry ice to cool the tote. Vent holes 716 in the bottom of the enclosure 714 allow cold air to flow out 725 of the enclosure where the thermostatically controlled door 718 is located such that the door 718 can partially block the holes 716. Referring also to FIG. 12B, there is shown a schematic view of a thermostatic door 718 and alternate thermostatic door 718′. Thermostatically controlled door 718 has door portion 730 may also be fabricated from a poor conductor such as plastic or thin foam, which limits the ability of the dry ice to cool the tote. Thermostatically controlled door 718 has coil spring portion 732 with the inner end of the coil coupled to lid 710 and the outer end of the coil coupled to door portion 730. Door portion 730 is positioned using spring portion 732 which may be a bimetal spring that senses the upper tote temperature and opens by rotation 740 of the door 730 when warm and closes it when cold. Alternately, thermostatically controlled door 718′ may have coil spring portion 732′ with the inner end of the coil coupled to lid 710′ and the outer end of the coil coupled to door portion 730′. Door portion 730′ is positioned using spring portion 732 which may be a bimetal spring that senses the upper tote temperature and opens by constrained linear sliding 740′ of the door 730′ when warm and closes it when cold. This enables the use of a phase change material that is substantially cooler than normal freezer temperatures. The tote temperature is regulated at an optimal temperature, which minimizes the difference in temperature to ambient, reducing heat gain and extending the life of the phase change material. Locating the phase change material in the lid has several features. One feature is where the cold source may be located above the food or contents to be cooled, allowing cool air to flow down by convection. Another feature is where the thermostatic element is situated at the warmest part of the tote, and therefore any stratification within the tote does not artificially lower the temperature control measurement. In addition, the lid can easily be removed and replaced to extend the duration of the cooling and allow for regeneration of the phase change material in the lid separately. By way of example, in the case of dry ice, because of evaporation, the material needs to be replaced. For salt solutions, the insert or the insert within entire lid may be placed in a mechanical freezer that is maintained at −30 to −40° C., and thus allows the phase change temperature to be significantly colder than the tote temperature. Referring also to FIG. 13A, there is shown a side view of tote 700 as a section view of tote body 712 and lid 710. Phase change material or insert 720 is provided in lid 710 with thermostatic door 718 utilized to isolate the interior of tote 700 from the phase change material 720. Referring also to FIG. 13B, there is shown a side view of tote 700 with a warm interior and with the thermostatic door 718 open by rotation 740 allowing cold air from the holes in the enclosure to flow 744 into the tote. Referring also to FIG. 13C, there is shown a side view of tote 700 with a cold interior and with the thermostatic door 730 closing by rotation 740 restricting or blocking airflow from the holes in the enclosure. In operation, there may also be return air vents or holes and the above described temperature regulation would be accomplished with the tote closed over time.

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown process flow diagram 800 for automated fulfilment of temperature-sensitive eaches, such as for example goods that should be maintained in a chilled or frozen state. In 810, decant of chilled and/or frozen goods takes place where chilled and/or frozen goods are removed from pallets in cases, removed from the cases and inserted into product totes for induction into the system by Bots. In 812, the product totes containing chilled and/or frozen goods are stored within the storage structure as inventory. In 814, an order is received for one or more of the chilled and/or frozen goods. In 816, one or more order totes is dispatched to a workstation by a Bot to receive the order. In 818, one or more product totes is dispatched to the workstation by a Bot to fulfill the order where eaches of inventory are successively picked 820 from the product tote(s) and placed in the order tote(s) to fulfill the order. If the customer or recipient of the order is not ready 822, the order tote(s) are transported 824 to cold storage until the order is ready for pickup. If the customer or recipient of the order is ready 822, the lid or other cooling device 826 is placed on or coupled to the tote and the order tote(s) are transported 828 for pickup and fulfillment 830 where the tote(s) are emptied of the order. In 832 the empty order totes are transported back to the structure for storage where the storage may be chilled storage and where in 834 the lid and/or inserts are re-chilled and regenerated either with the tote or separately from the tote.

Referring now to FIG. 15, there is shown an isometric view of tote 850. Referring also to FIG. 16, there is shown a top view of tote 850. Referring also to FIG. 17, there is shown an end view of tote 850. While the term “tote” is used herein, it is understood that the tote 850 may be any of various receptacles, canisters or other containers for transporting and storing goods, including goods to be transported and stored at different temperatures as explained below. Tote 850 has tote enclosure 852, tote lid 854 and insulated interior as will be described in greater detail. Lid 854 may be hinged with hinges 856 as shown with respect to enclosure 852. In alternate aspects, lid 854 may be hinged or have no hinge. Lid 854 and enclosure 852 may be insulated such that heat losses from ambient may be minimized and condensation on the exterior may be minimized as will be described in greater detail. The insulation may be conventional, by vacuum enclosure or otherwise. By way of example, the insulation may be provided as an insulated insert to insulate a conventional plastic tote and further accept a chilled or passive liner as will be described in greater detail. RFID temperature sensors 858 may be provided on the tote. In the embodiment shown, RFID sensors 858 are shown at opposing ends of tote 850 where a Bot with an RFID reader may read the RFID sensor for tote identification and/or for other purposes, for example, for reading temperature within or outside of tote 850 where RFID sensor 858 may be a passive temperature sensor enabled by the RFID reader on the Bot. Such a passive temperature sensor may sense temperature with a thermistor or other temperature sensor connected to circuitry and the RFID antenna. Such sensors are commercially available from RFID suppliers such as Metalcraft located in Mason City, Iowa. In alternate aspects, one or more passive RFID tags and/or sensors may be provided, for example, for temperature, identification, humidity, moisture detection or otherwise within or external to the tote assembly. Tabs 864 are provided as part of lid 854 for the purpose of opening the lid, either by a person or in an automated fashion as will be described in greater detail. Tabs 864 may be formed of the same material as lid 854 or may alternately be rollers that interact with a cam or other active or passive mechanism to open lid 854. Although two tabs 864 are shown, more or less may be provided.

Referring now to FIG. 18, there is shown a cross section view of tote 850. Referring also to FIG. 19, there is shown a partial cross section view of the upper left-hand corner of tote 850 as shown in FIG. 18. Tote 850 further has insulating wall panels 870, insulating floor panel 872 and insulating lid panel 874. Insulating panels may also be provided on the two opposing ends of the tote 850 such that the contents within tote 850 are completely or substantially surrounded by insulating panels or insulation. Although panels 870, 872 are shown as separate panels, a unitary construction may be provided for insulation where separate panels need not be provided. Panels 870 are shown of a uniform thickness where in alternate embodiments the thickness may vary, for example from top to bottom. Although panels 870, 872 are shown the same thickness, panels 870, 872 may be of differing thicknesses. Similarly, panels 870, 872 and 874 may all be of differing thicknesses or the same thickness. Gasket 878 is shown bonded or fastened to the top portion of insulating panel 870 where gasket 878 substantially or completely seals the circumference of lid 854 to the insulated enclosure to prevent heat leakage when lid 854 is closed. Gasket 878 may be a refrigerator type or any suitable type of gasket made from EPDM, neoprene or other suitable material that seals against lid 854 by compression, magnetic attraction or otherwise. In the case of magnetic attraction, a metallic insert (not shown) may be provided with lid 854 that interfaces with seal or gasket 878. In alternate aspects, gasket 878 may be bonded or otherwise fastened to lid 854 and seal against panel 870. Tote 850 further comprises a thermal insert 882, also referred to herein as simply insert 882. Insert 882 has a cavity 884 within the insert 882. An insert 882 with cavity 884 is provided on and covers each of the panels 870 so that the inserts 882 and cavities 884 substantially surround an interior of the tote 850. Insert 882 is shown having floor 886 that protects panel 872 against damage, for example from eaches within the tote 850. Gap 888 (FIG. 19) may be provided between the exterior surface(s) of insert 882 and the interior surfaces of insulating panel(s) 870, 872. This gap may be any suitable size and is provided to promote air circulation around the exterior and interior surfaces of insert 882 such that when the phase change material contained within insert 882 is regenerated, chilled air is exposed to the surfaces of insert 882 that surround the phase change material to minimize the amount of time it takes to regenerate the phase change material within insert 882. Insert 882 may be made from any suitable material, for example, aluminum, PVC or polypropylene. The cavity 884 in insert 882 may be filled with a suitable material 890 such as a phase change material to maintain a given set temperature point or range within tote 850. The phase change material may be tailored to have a phase transition temperature of degree F. for a frozen storage temperature window of 0 to 5 degrees F. Similarly, the phase change material may be tailored to have a phase transition temperature of 35 degrees F. for a chilled storage temperature window of 34 to 40 degrees F. Alternately any suitable phase transition temperature and storage temperature window may be provided. In alternate aspects, insert 882 may not contain a phase change material and instead may be made in whole or in part of suitable material with sufficient thermal capacity to maintain temperature within tote 850. Insert 882 in combination with a suitable material 890 such as a phase change material has among others, features of note:

-   -   1. As the phase change material is positioned between the eaches         and the insulation, thus exposing the eaches directly to the         phase change material temperature, the phase transition         temperature may be set equal to the setpoint temperature within         the tote;     -   2. Provides a uniform media to maintain uniform temperature         within tote 850;     -   3. Provides a large surface area to facilitate efficient         regeneration of material 890;     -   4. Provides for a removeable liner or insert that is easily         cleaned and disinfected; and     -   5. Protects the insulation, for example vacuum insulated panels         870 from damage by the contents within tote 850.         Regarding point 1 above, by putting the phase transition         material at substantially all insulated panels, the eaches are         only exposed to the phase transition temperature of the inserts         on all such panels. Any gradient to the ambient is isolated         external to the inserts (across the insulating panels). This         enables the use of the phase transition temperature as the         setpoint. Conventionally, heat which enters a tote across         insulated panels does not hit the “phase transition” barrier,         and thus the temperature of the eaches is exposed to these         internal gradients. Although material 890 is shown surrounding         the interior walls of tote 850, in alternate aspects material         890 may also surround or cover other areas of the interior, for         example as will be described.

Referring now to FIG. 20, there is shown a partial cross section of tote 850′. Tote 850′ is shown having lid 854, tab 864, tote enclosure 852, insulating panels 870, 874 and material 890. Liner 882′ is shown having a flange 898 that extends up and over the top edge of insulates panel and provides a seat for gasket or seal 878′ as well as added protection for panel 870. An additional lid liner 894 is provided which similarly may be a suitable material, for example with low thermal conductivity like liner 882. Lid liner 894 covers panel 874 and further has flange 896 that extends to protect the sides of panel 874 and further engages gasket or seal 878′.

Referring now to FIG. 21, there is shown a cross section view of tote 910. Referring also to FIG. 22, there is shown a partial cross section view of the upper left-hand corner of tote 910 as shown in FIG. 21. Tote 910 has insulating wall 920 nested within tote enclosure 922 and insulating lid panel 924 secured to hinged lid 926. Insulating lid panel 924 is shown covering insulating wall 920. It is noted that insulating wall 920, 924 nests within the walls and floor of tote 820 and lid 926 such that the contents within tote 910 are completely or substantially surrounded by insulating panels or insulation. Insert 930 is shown nested in panel 920. Insert 930 has cavity 932 that may be filled with a suitable material 936 such as a phase change material to maintain a given set temperature point or range within tote 910. Insert 940 is shown covering panel 924. Insert 940 has cavity 942 that may be filled with a suitable material 936 such as a phase change material to maintain a given set temperature point or range within tote 910. It is noted that inserts 930, 940 nest within the insulating walls 920, 924 of tote 922 and lid 926 such that the contents within tote 910 are completely or substantially surrounded by the phase change material 936 within cavities 942, 932 to maintain uniform temperature within tote 910. Gasket 948 is shown bonded or fastened to the top portion of insert 930 where gasket 948 substantially or completely seals the circumference of insert 940 and thus lid 926 to the insulated enclosure to prevent heat leakage when lid 926 is closed. As seen in FIG. 22, liner 930 is shown having a flange 952 that extends up and over the top edge of insulated panel 920 and provides a seat for gasket or seal 948 as well as added protection for panel 870. Lid liner 940 covers panel 924 and extends to seal against gasket 948.

Referring now to FIG. 23, there is shown a cross section view of tote 960. Referring also to FIG. 24, there is shown a partial cross section view of the upper left-hand corner of tote 960 as shown in FIG. 23. Tote 960 has features similar to tote 910 but where tote 960 has insulating wall 962 nested within tote enclosure 964 extends vertically up to lid 966 such that insulating wall 968 is nested within insulating wall 962.

Referring now to FIG. 25, there is shown a cross section of tote 1010 in a storage nest location 1012. Referring also to FIG. 26, there is shown a side view of tote 1010 in a storage nest 1012. Tote 1010 has tabs 1014, 1016 on hinged lid 1018 of tote 1010. Ramp 1020 and storage location 1012 are coupled to the storage structure or any suitable structure where ramp 1020 and storage location 1012 are passive components. Ramp 1020 is shown with an S shaped profile with a small gap 1024 between the elevation or level where tab 1024 resides when lid 1018 is closed and the lower end of ramp 1020 (also referred to as the leading edge of ramp 1020). Tote 1010 enters the storage location 1012 with lid 1018 closed and as tote 1010 is pushed in direction 1026, tab 1014 engages the leading edge of ramp 1020 and as tote 1010 is pushed to the position shown in FIG. 26, tab 1014 and hence lid 1018 is lifted open 1030 exposing the interior of tote 1010 to the conditioned air surrounding tote 1010. The conditioned air then enters the interior of tote 1010 passively or may be forced into the interior with fan 1032 where fan 1032 may be an electric fan or alternately may be an air duct forcing the same or different temperature air into tote 1010 for the purpose of regenerating the phase change material within cavities of the insert of tote 1010. The S-shaped profile of ramp 1020 is provided such that the opening and closing motion imparted to lid 1018 has uniform acceleration and deceleration.

Referring now to FIG. 27, there is shown an end view of Bot 1044 within structure 1042 where Bot 1044 has tote 1010 as a payload. Referring also to FIG. 28, there is shown an end view of Bot 1044 within structure 1042 where Bot 1044 has transferred tote 1010 to left storage location 1012 or right storage location 1040 opposite of left storage location 1012. Left storage location 1012 and right storage location 1040 have ramps 1020 and 1045 respectively where storage locations 1012, 1040 and ramps 1020 and 1045 are grounded to structure 1042. Bot 1044 has the capability of transferring (storing or retrieving) tote 1010 either to left storage location 1012 or right storage location 1040 by pushing tote 1010 into either storage location or pulling tote 1010 from either storage location. When pushed to the left, tab 1014 engages ramp 1020 to open the lid of tote 1010. When pulled from the left, tab 1014 disengages engages ramp 1020 to close the lid of tote 1010. Similarly, when pushed to the right, tab 1016 engages ramp 1046 to open the lid of tote 1010. When pulled from the right, tab 1016 disengages ramp 1046 to close the lid of tote 1010. The weight of the lid of the tote is sufficient to fully close the lid against the sides of the tote to seal the interior of the tote when positioned on the bot 1044. In this manner the lid of tote 1010 is opened and closed with the Bot being the active component to open and close the lid. In this embodiment, the tote 1010 may have two tabs 1014, 1016. In alternate embodiments, a single tab may be provided.

Referring now to FIG. 29, there is shown process flow diagram 1100 that shows a cycle a given tote goes through for regen. Totes need periodic servicing that may include cleaning, inspecting, dimensional checks or otherwise (step 1102). Clean totes are inducted into the structure (step 1104) and retrieved by Bots (step 1106). The MCS allocates totes for either chilled, ambient or frozen (step 1108). Here, chilled and frozen totes may utilize the insulated totes with regenerating phase change material contained within the tote liner, where ambient totes do not necessarily require the insulated structure. In the event the tote is designated for chilled, a Bot transports the tote to chilled storage (step 1112). The tote is placed and the lid opened as explained above (step 1114). The tote is held in an idle state for a designated period of time until the insert is regenerated (step 1116) at which point the tote can be used to fulfill chilled orders. When the tote is required for a chilled order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1118) and transported to a picking station (step 1120) where the lid is opened (step 1122). While at the workstation, chilled items are inserted into the chilled tote until the chilled portion of the order is completed (step 1124). When completed, the tote is transported back to chilled storage (step 1126) until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled.

In the event the tote is designated for frozen, a Bot transports the tote to frozen storage (step 1152). The tote is placed and the lid opened (step 1154). The tote is held in an idle state for a designated period of time until the insert is regenerated (step 1156) at which point the tote can be used to fulfill frozen orders. When the tote is required for a frozen order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1158) and transported to a picking station (step 1160) where the lid is opened (step 1162). While at the workstation, frozen items are inserted into the frozen tote until the frozen portion of the order is completed (step 1164). When completed, the tote is transported back to frozen storage until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled (step 1166).

In the event the tote is designated for ambient, a Bot transports the tote to ambient storage (step 1132). Ambient storage locations may or may not have ramps 1020, 1046 described above. The tote is placed at a storage location (step 1134) and held (step 1136) until needed to fulfill an ambient order at which point the tote can be used. When the tote is required for an ambient order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1138) and transported to a picking station (step 1140) where the lid is opened. While at the workstation, ambient items are inserted into the tote until the ambient portion of the order is completed (step 1144). When completed, the tote is transported back to ambient storage (step 1146) until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled.

When the order is ready to be fulfilled, totes from chilled, frozen and/or ambient are combined (step 1170) and the order fulfilled (step 1172). Order fulfillment may be completed by totes being presented to a customer, for example where a Bot transports the tote to a portal for the customer to open the tote(s) and remove the contents. Alternately, the tote(s) may be dispensed and transported by truck, associate or otherwise to fulfill the order. If the tote needs service (step 1174) it is transported to dispense (step 1176). The tote is then dispensed (step 1178) so it can be serviced. If the tote does not need service, it is retrieved and transported back to the appropriate storage to fulfill the next order.

Referring now to FIG. 30, there is shown process flow diagram 1200 that shows a cycle a given tote goes through for regen. Totes need periodic servicing that may include cleaning, inspecting, dimensional checks or otherwise (step 1202). Clean totes are inducted into the structure (step 1204) and retrieved by Bots (step 1206). The MCS allocates totes for either chilled, ambient or frozen (step 1208). Here, chilled and frozen totes may utilize the insulated totes with regenerating phase change material contained within the tote liner where ambient totes do not necessarily require the insulated structure. In the event the tote is designated for chilled or frozen, a Bot transports the tote to frozen storage (step 1212). The tote is placed and the lid opened (step 1214). Chilled totes are held in an idle state for a chilled designated period of time until the insert is regenerated (step 1216) at which point the tote can be used to fulfill chilled orders. Similarly, frozen totes are held in an idle state for a frozen designated period of time until the insert is regenerated at which point the tote can be used to fulfill frozen orders. When the tote is required for a chilled order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1218) and transported to a picking station (step 1220) where the lid is opened (step 1222). While at the workstation, chilled items are inserted into the chilled tote until the chilled portion of the order is completed (step 1244). When completed, the tote is transported back to chilled storage until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled (step 1246).

When the tote is required for a frozen order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1224) and transported to a picking station where the lid is opened. While at the workstation, frozen items are inserted into the frozen tote until the frozen portion of the order is completed (step 1226). When completed, the tote is transported back to frozen storage until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled (step 1228).

In the event the tote is designated for ambient, a Bot transports the tote to ambient storage (step 1230). The tote is placed (step 1232) and held until needed to fulfill an ambient order (step 1234) at which point the tote can be used. When the tote is required for an ambient order, the tote is picked by a Bot (step 1236) and transported to a picking station (step 1238) where the lid is opened. While at the workstation, ambient items are inserted into the tote until the ambient portion of the order is completed (step 1240). When completed, the tote is transported back to ambient storage until the complete order is ready to be fulfilled (step 1242).

When the order is ready to be fulfilled, totes from chilled, frozen and/or ambient are combined (step 1260) and the order fulfilled (step 1262). If the tote needs service (step 1264) it is transported to dispense (step 1266). The tote is then dispensed (step 1268) so it can be serviced. If the tote does not need service, it is retrieved and transported back to the appropriate storage to fulfill the next order.

The foregoing detailed description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the description to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the claimed system and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the claimed system in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the method be defined by the claims appended hereto. 

We claim:
 1. A container for transporting and storing goods in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising: sidewalls around sides of the container, the sidewalls comprising one or more insulated wall panels configured to insulate an interior of the container against heat transfer; and a thermal insert configured to be supported in or on one or more of the one or more insulated wall panels, the thermal insert comprising a material configured to maintain a temperature within the container below ambient temperature.
 2. The container of claim 1, further comprising a lid configured to move between a closed position where the lid seals against the sidewalls, and an open position where the lid does not seal against the sidewalls, the further comprising: an insulated lid panel configured to insulate the interior of the container against heat transfer; and a thermal lid insert configured to be supported in or on the insulated lid panel, the thermal lid insert comprising a material configured to maintain a temperature within the container below ambient temperature.
 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the lid is configured for automatic movement between the first and second positions upon transfer of the container two and from a storage location for the container.
 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the material comprises a first predetermined phase transition temperature where the container is configured to transport or store chilled items.
 5. The container of claim 3, wherein the material comprises a second predetermined phase transition temperature where the container is configured to transport or store frozen items, the second predetermined phase transition temperature being lower than the first predetermined phase transition temperature.
 6. The container of claim 1, wherein the material of the insert extends to top, bottom and side dimensions of the insert to allow rapid regeneration of the material to a temperature below a predetermined phase transition temperature of the material.
 7. The container of claim 6, wherein the container is configured to allow regeneration of the material to the temperature below the predetermined phase transition temperature of the material while the material is in or on the one or more inserts.
 8. The container of claim 6, wherein the container is configured to allow regeneration of the material to the temperature below the predetermined phase transition temperature of the material while the material is removed from the one or more inserts.
 9. A system for transporting and storing a container in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising material within an interior of the container to chill the interior of the container below ambient temperature, the system comprising: a storage location for storing the container, the storage location comprising: a cold air source configured to cool and regenerate the material to a temperature below a predetermined phase transition temperature of the material, and structure at the storage location configured to open a lid of the container to allow access to the material within the interior of the container facilitating regeneration of the material by the cold air source.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the structure is a passive, stationary structure configured to engage and open the lid as the container is transferred into the storage location.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the structure is configured to close the lid as the container is transferred away from the storage location.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the structure comprises a stationary curved ramp configured to engage tabs in the lid as the lid is transferred into the storage location.
 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the cold air source comprises at least one of a fan and a duct configured to direct cold air toward the container when positioned in the storage location.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the cold air source comprises an enclosed refrigerated space in which the storage location is located.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the cold air source is configured to deliver cold air at a first temperature where the container is to store chilled goods, and the cold air source is configured to deliver cold air at a second temperature, colder than the first temperature, where the container is to store frozen goods at a temperature colder than the chilled goods.
 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the storage location comprises a first storage location, the container comprises a first container, the material comprises a first material and the cold source comprises a first cold source configured to deliver cold air at a first temperature, the system further comprising: a second storage location for storing a second container, the second container comprising a second material within an interior of the second container to chill the interior of the second container to a temperature below a chilled temperature of the first container, the second storage location comprising: a second cold air source configured to cool and regenerate the second material to a temperature below a predetermined phase transition temperature of the second material, and structure at the second storage location configured to open a lid of the second container to allow access to the second material within the interior of the second container facilitating regeneration of the second material by the second cold air source.
 17. A method for transporting and storing a container in an automatic storage and retrieval facility, the container comprising material within an interior of the container to chill the interior of the container below ambient temperature, the method comprising: (a) transporting the container by a mobile bot to a storage shelf; (b) transferring the container from the mobile bot to the storage shelf; (c) engaging a lid of the container with structure within the storage location as the container is transferred into the storage location, engagement with the structure opening the lid as the container is transferred into the storage location; (d) regenerating the material to a chilled phase by a cold air source while the opened container is stored at the storage location.
 18. The method of claim 17, said step (c) of engaging the lid of the container with structure within the storage location comprising the step of engaging passive, stationary structure within the storage location as the mobile bot transfers the container into the storage location.
 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of disengaging the lid as the container is transferred out of the storage location, disengagement with the structure closing the lid as the container is transferred out the storage location.
 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps of: transferring the container from the storage location to a workstation by a mobile bot after the material has been regenerated to a chilled phase; and loading goods into the container at the workstation, the regenerated material maintaining the goods in the container at a chilled temperature appropriate for the goods. 